OvaNext
OvaNextTM is a next generation (next-gen) sequencing panel that simultaneously analyzes 19 genes that contribute to increased risk for breast, ovarian, and/or uterine cancers.
PrintOvaNextTM is a next generation (next-gen) sequencing panel that simultaneously analyzes 19 genes that contribute to increased risk for breast, ovarian, and/or uterine cancers.
Ambry utilizes next generation sequencing to offer a comprehensive genetic testing panel for hereditary gynecologic cancers (cancer of the breast, ovary and/or uterus), excluding BRCA1 and BRCA2. Genes on this panel include ATM, BARD1, BRIP1, CDH1, CHEK2, EPCAM, MLH1, MRE11A, MSH2, MSH6, MUTYH, NBN, PALB2, PMS2, PTEN, RAD50, RAD51C, STK11, and TP53. Full gene sequencing and analysis of all coding domains plus at least 5 bases into the 5’ and 3’ ends of all the introns and untranslated regions (5’UTR and 3’UTR) is performed for 18 of the 19 genes (excluding EPCAM). Gross deletion/duplication analysis is performed for all 19 genes. Specific-site analysis is available for individual gene mutations known to be in the family.
Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women, affecting approximately 1 in 71 (1.4%) women in her lifetime.1 The NCI estimates that approximately 22,280 new cases of ovarian cancer will be diagnosed and 15,500 ovarian cancer deaths will occur in the U.S. in 2012.2 It is leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy, characterized by advanced presentation with regional dissemination in the peritoneal cavity. Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common form and arises as a result of genetic alterations sustained by the ovarian surface epithelium.
Breast cancer is a disease in which cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply to form a malignant tumor. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in developed countries, affecting about 1 in 8 (~12.29%) women in her lifetime.1 The NCI estimates that there are approximately 227,000 new cases of female breast cancer and 2,200 new cases of male breast will diagnosed in the U.S. in 2012.2
Uterine cancer affects about 1 in 38 (2.61%) women in her lifetime.1 The NCI estimates that approximately 47,130 new cases of uterine cancer will be diagnosed and 8,010 uterine cancer deaths will occur in the U.S. in 2012.2
Hereditary breast cancers tend to occur earlier in life than non-inherited sporadic cases and are more likely to involve both breasts. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancers caused by mutations in the highly penetrant genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, appear to be responsible for about 10-18% of total breast cancers and ovarian cancers.3,8,11 Additional genes have been discovered that contribute to the incidence of breast and ovarian cancers as well.3-6,8,11 Mutations in other genes, such as those associated with Lynch syndrome, can significantly increase the risk for uterine and ovarian cancer, while others, such as PTEN, can increase the risk for breast and uterine cancer. While BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for the majority of hereditary ovarian cancer, a significant proportion hereditary breast, ovarian and uterine cancer can be attributed to mutations in multiple other genes, with 6% of total ovarian cancers associated with mutations in 10 genes on OvaNext in one series.11
Since the best approach to genetic testing for individuals with these cancer types is not always clear, OvaNext test may be ideal.
Figure Legend: Estimated cancer risks for women in the general population (represented in gray) compared with women carrying a gene mutation on the OvaNext panel (represented in blue). (Based on available evidence. Estimates may change as more data emerges.)
OvaNext Panel Genes:
ATM is a gene classically associated with an autosomal recessive condition called ataxia-telangiectasia (AT). AT is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia with onset between ages one and four, telangiectases of the conjunctavie, oculomotor apraxia, immune defects, and a predisposition to malignancy, particularly leukemia and lymphoma. Heterozygous carrier females also have an estimated 2-5 fold increased risk for breast cancer.7
BARD1, BRIP1, MRE11A, NBN, RAD50, and RAD51C are genes involved in the Fanconi anemia (FA)–BRCA pathway, which is critical for DNA repair by homologous recombination and interact in vivo with BRCA1 and/or BRCA2.3,8-10 Mutations in these genes are estimated to confer up to a 4 fold increase in breast cancer risk, and mutations in each have been reported in at least 1 identified case of ovarian cancer to date.11
CHEK2 is a gene that receives signals from damaged DNA, transmitted to CHEK2 via ATM. Known substrates of CHEK2 include BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53, which have all been implicated in cellular processes responsible for the maintenance of genomic stability. Multiple studies indicate that mutations in the CHEK2 gene confer an increased risk of developing many types of cancer including breast, prostate, colon, thyroid, and kidney. Mutations are more likely to be found among women with bilateral versus those with unilateral breast cancers. A female carrier of a CHEK2 mutation has approximately a 2 fold increase in lifetime breast cancer risk and has a 1% risk per year of developing a second breast primary cancer. Ovarian cancer risk has also been suggested.11-15
CDH1 germline mutations have been associated with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) and lobular breast cancer in women. In one published study, the estimated cumulative risk of gastric cancer for CDH1 mutation carriers by age 80 years is 67% for men and 83% for women.16 HDGC patients typically present with diffuse-type gastric cancer with signet ring cells diffusely infiltrating the wall of the stomach and, at late stage, linitis plastica. An elevated risk of lobular breast cancer is also associated with HDGC,17 with an estimated lifetime breast cancer risk of 39-52%.
EPCAM, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 are mismatch repair genes that have been associated with Lynch syndrome (HNPCC). Lynch syndrome is estimated to cause 2-5% of all colon cancer. Lynch syndrome is associated with a significantly increased risk for colon cancer (60-80% lifetime risk), uterine/endometrial cancer (20-60% lifetime risk in women), stomach cancer (11-19% lifetime risk), and ovarian cancer (4-13% lifetime risk in women). Risk for cancer of the small intestine, hepatobiliary tract, upper urinary tract and brain are also elevated.18-20
MUTYH germline mutations are classically associated with an autosomal recessive form of hereditary polyposis. Clinical studies have shown that MUTYH mutations were detected in 33% and 57% of patients with clinical familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)and attentuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP), respectively, who are negative for mutations in the APC gene.21 Two common mutations, p.Y179C and p.G396D (originally designated as p.Y165C and p.G382D), have been reported as homozygous or compound heterozygous in about 70%-86% of MAP patients.22,23 Heterozygous mutations have also been associated with a 1.9 fold increased risk for breast cancer.24 In this series, characteristics of tumors and at of diagnosis in carriers with MUTYH variants were similar to those without MUTYH variants.21-24
PALB2 germline mutations have been associated with increased risk for pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and fanconi-anemia complementation group N (FA-N). Familial pancreatic and/or breast cancer due to PALB2 mutations is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, while FA-N is an autosomal recessive condition. Females with a PALB2 mutation have a 2 to 4 fold increase in risk for breast cancer,25-27 and a recent report has suggested an increased risk for ovarian cancer as well.11
PTEN is a gene that has been associated with Cowden syndrome (CS), PTEN Hammartoma Tumor syndrome (PHTS), Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, Proteus syndrome and autism spectrum disorder. Cowden Syndrome is a multiple hamartoma syndrome with a high risk of developing tumors of the thyroid, breast, and endomentrium. Mucocutaneous lesions, thyroid abnormalities, fibrocystic disease, multiple uterine leiomyoma, and macrocephaly can also be seen. Affected individuals have a lifetime risk of up to 50% for breast cancer, 10% for thyroid cancer, and 5-10% for endometrial cancer. Over 90% of individuals with CS will express some clinical manifestation by their 20’s.28,29
STK11germline mutations have been associated with Peutz-Jegher syndrome (PJS), an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps and melanin hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. Overall, individuals affected with PJS have a 57-81% risk of developing cancer by age of 70, with gastrointestinal/colon and breast cancers being the most common.30,31
TP53 is a tumor suppressor gene that causes Li-Fraumeni and Li-Fraumeni like syndrome, which can affect adults and children. Individuals with TP53 mutations have a 50% risk of developing any of the associated cancers by age 30 and a lifetime risk up to 90%, includin sarcomas, breast cancer, brain tumors (including astrocytomas, glioblastomas, medulloblastomas and choroid plexus carcinomas), and adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Studies have shown that a small percentage of women who are negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 negative are identified to have mutations in TP53.15,32,33
Indications for Testing
Families with a combination of the cancers below and some common red flags for hereditary cancer in the family would be appropriate to consider for OvaNext testing.
- Breast and ovarian cancer, particularly when BRCA1/BRCA2 testing is negative
- 2 or more cases of ovarian cancer
- Breast and uterine cancer
- Uterine, ovarian, and/or colon cancer
- Breast, ovarian or uterine cancer diagnosed at a young age (often <50 years)
Common Red Flags for Hereditary Cancer
- Cancer diagnosed at a younger age than expected for the general population (</= 50 for most cancers)
- Cancer diagnosed across generations and in multiple generations within a family
- Individual with multiple primary cancers (either in paired organs or in different organs)
- A pattern of cancer in the family that is typical of a known cancer predisposition syndrome (for example colon and uterine cancer in Lynch syndrome or breast and pancreatic cancer with PALB2-related cancer)
Knowing your patient has a genetic susceptibility for certain cancers can help with medical management. For example, this information can:
- Suggest specific risk-reduction measures (e.g. Considering prophylactic oopherectomy, or removal of the ovaries, after childbearing is complete for women with increased risk for breast/ ovarian cancer)
- Clarify and stratify familial cancer risks, based on gene-specific cancer associations, such as risk for uterine, colon and ovarian cancer with mutations MLH1.
- Offer treatment guidance (e.g. Avoidance of radiation-based treatment methods for individuals with a TP53 mutation)
- Identify other at-risk family members
- Provide guidance with new gene-specific treatment options and risk reduction measures as they emerge
Selected Medical Management Guidelines* (based on NCCN guidelines).34
Breast Cancer (recommended for women with >/=20-25% lifetime risk)
- Breast self-exam training and education stated at age 18y
- Clinical breast exam every 6-12 months, starting at age 25 or 5-10 years before the earliest known breast cancer in the family
- Annual mammography and breast MRI screening starting at age 30-35 or 5-10 years before the earliest known breast cancer diagnosis in the family
Ovarian Cancer
- Consideration of risk-reducing oophorectomy, after childbearing is complete
- Consideration of trans-vaginal ultrasound and CA-125 analysis every 6 months starting at age 35 or 5-10 years before the earliest ovarian cancer diagnosis in the family.
Uterine Cancer
- Patient education and prompt response to symptoms
- Participation in clinical trials to determine effectiveness and necessity of screening
- Hysterectomy on a case-by-case basis
*Medical management recommendations will depend on which gene is found to be mutated. Additional information regarding cancer risks and medical management options can be found in cited literature.
The OvaNext Panel targets detection of mutations in 18 of the 19 genes (ATM, BARD1, BRIP1, CDH1, CHEK2, MLH1, MRE11A, MSH2, MSH6, MUTYH, NBN, PALB2, PMS2, PTEN, RAD50, RAD51C, STK11, and TP53) by next-generation sequencing or Sanger sequencing of all coding domains plus at least 5 bases into the 5’ and 3’ ends of all the introns and untranslated regions (5’UTR and 3’UTR). Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (gDNA) is isolated from the patient’s specimen using a standardized kit and quantified by agarose gel electrophoresis. Sequence enrichment is carried out by incorporating the gDNA into microdroplets along with primer pairs designed to the target hereditary cancer gene coding exons followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and next-generation sequencing. Additional Sanger sequencing is performed for any regions with insufficient read depth coverage for reliable heterozygous variant detection. Variant calls other than polymorphisms are verified by Sanger sequencing in sense and antisense directions. Gene copy number analysis identifies gross deletions or duplications all 19 genes (ATM, BRIP1, CDH1, CHEK2, EPCAM, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, MUTYH, NBN, PALB2, PMS2, PTEN, STK11, and TP53). If a deletion is detected in exons 13, 14, or 15 of PMS2, double stranded sequencing of the appropriate exon(s) of the pseudogene PMS2CL will be performed to determine if the deletion is located in the PMS2 gene or pseudogene. This panel does not include analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
Analytical sensitivity for all genes is 96-99% of described mutations.
Blood: Collect 6-10cc blood in purple top EDTA tube (preferred) or yellow top citric acetate tube.
Storage: 2-8°C. Do not freeze.
Shipment: Room temperature for two-day delivery.
For transfusion patients: Wait at least two weeks after a packed cell or platelet transfusion and at least four weeks after a whole blood transfusion prior to blood draw
DNA: Collect 20μg of of DNA in TE (10mM Tris-Cl pH 8.0, 1mM EDTA); preferred at 200 ng/μl.
Quality: Please provide DNA OD 260:280 ratio (preferred 1.7-1.9) and send agarose picture with high molecular weight genomic DNA, if available.
Storage: -20°C.
Shipment: Shipment frozen on dry ice is preferred, or ship on ice.
Saliva: Collect 2ml in Oragene Self Collection container
Storage: At room temperature in sterile bag.
Shipment: Ship room temperature for two-day deliver
Additional cancer gene testing
RAD51D gene sequence analysis can be ordered along side this panel.
| Technique | weeks |
|---|---|
| OvaNext Gene Analysis | 12 - 16 |
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2. http://www.cancer.gov
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